1 1 00:00:00,620 --> 00:00:02,480 Hi guys, and welcome back. 2 2 00:00:02,480 --> 00:00:04,580 Now that we've logged into our server 3 3 00:00:04,580 --> 00:00:06,760 and changed your root password, 4 4 00:00:06,760 --> 00:00:08,250 you will be greeted with something 5 5 00:00:08,250 --> 00:00:10,010 that looks more or less like this. 6 6 00:00:10,010 --> 00:00:12,170 What we've got here is our user 7 7 00:00:12,170 --> 00:00:14,530 which is called root at the moment, 8 8 00:00:14,530 --> 00:00:17,270 and root user is, traditionally in Linux, 9 9 00:00:17,270 --> 00:00:20,870 the main user or the administrator user, 10 10 00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:23,410 and then, you've got your Droplet name, 11 11 00:00:23,410 --> 00:00:25,290 and this says that you are the root user 12 12 00:00:25,290 --> 00:00:27,620 at your Droplet name. 13 13 00:00:27,620 --> 00:00:30,080 Then you've got your colon which separates all of that 14 14 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:34,423 from where you currently are located inside the server. 15 15 00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:37,970 As you know, computers have folders, 16 16 00:00:37,970 --> 00:00:42,840 and when you're in a terminal, you can be inside a folder. 17 17 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:45,020 Indeed, you have to be inside a folder, 18 18 00:00:45,020 --> 00:00:46,720 and at the moment, we are inside a folder 19 19 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:48,260 called squiggly line, 20 20 00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,180 and this folder is the user's home folder. 21 21 00:00:52,180 --> 00:00:56,090 Think of it as where your documents will be and so on. 22 22 00:00:56,090 --> 00:00:58,290 So if you do pwd, 23 23 00:00:58,290 --> 00:01:02,440 you will see that the root user's home folder 24 24 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:05,790 is located at /root. 25 25 00:01:05,790 --> 00:01:09,500 The pwd tells you the working directory, 26 26 00:01:09,500 --> 00:01:11,310 and that is where we currently are. 27 27 00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:12,770 Finally, the hash symbol at the end 28 28 00:01:12,770 --> 00:01:14,910 tells you that you have reached the end 29 29 00:01:14,910 --> 00:01:16,440 of the identifying information, 30 30 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:18,490 and now you can start typing if you like. 31 31 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:22,020 So that's why we type here at the end. 32 32 00:01:22,020 --> 00:01:24,223 So we are in /root. 33 33 00:01:25,290 --> 00:01:27,920 You can type ls, and that will tell you 34 34 00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:31,310 the things that are inside your folder at the moment. 35 35 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:34,730 You can do cd, and that means change directory, 36 36 00:01:34,730 --> 00:01:37,170 and you can type two dots to go to the folder 37 37 00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:39,280 that contains this folder. 38 38 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:41,260 So you can type cd dot dot, 39 39 00:01:41,260 --> 00:01:43,220 and that goes to the parent folder, 40 40 00:01:43,220 --> 00:01:44,800 and now, if you type ls, 41 41 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:48,160 you'll see that root is one of the folders 42 42 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:50,670 that was contained inside the parent, 43 43 00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:52,850 of course, as it should be. 44 44 00:01:52,850 --> 00:01:55,530 Now, also notice that this path here 45 45 00:01:55,530 --> 00:01:59,150 has changed from squiggly line, which means the home folder, 46 46 00:01:59,150 --> 00:02:03,100 to slash, which means the root folder of the server 47 47 00:02:03,100 --> 00:02:05,403 or the top level folder. 48 48 00:02:06,860 --> 00:02:09,380 Now, you can change it to any other folder and so on, 49 49 00:02:09,380 --> 00:02:13,810 but to be honest, navigating the server as the root user 50 50 00:02:13,810 --> 00:02:15,800 is quite a dangerous thing to be doing, 51 51 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:17,670 and you should not do that. 52 52 00:02:17,670 --> 00:02:19,780 The reason for it is because if you're the root user, 53 53 00:02:19,780 --> 00:02:21,760 you have access to do whatever you want, 54 54 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:25,560 and that can include accidentally deleting important things 55 55 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:29,090 or moving things around that you don't wanna be moving. 56 56 00:02:29,090 --> 00:02:32,120 So you should almost never be the root user 57 57 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:34,520 when you are working in a UNIX machine. 58 58 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:36,670 You should almost always be a user 59 59 00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:37,930 that you want it to have access 60 60 00:02:37,930 --> 00:02:41,150 to a certain number of things but not others, 61 61 00:02:41,150 --> 00:02:44,900 and that is just for security through separation. 62 62 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:47,260 So for the purposes of this section, 63 63 00:02:47,260 --> 00:02:50,570 we're gonna create a user inside our machine 64 64 00:02:50,570 --> 00:02:51,970 that is not root 65 65 00:02:51,970 --> 00:02:54,853 and that will be dealing with deployments only. 66 66 00:02:55,690 --> 00:02:58,770 I'm gonna call this user jose, 67 67 00:02:58,770 --> 00:03:00,690 but you can call it whatever you want. 68 68 00:03:00,690 --> 00:03:01,890 In order to create a user, 69 69 00:03:01,890 --> 00:03:05,240 we're gonna do adduser and then jose. 70 70 00:03:05,240 --> 00:03:06,660 That creates a new user. 71 71 00:03:06,660 --> 00:03:08,550 It creates a new group for them. 72 72 00:03:08,550 --> 00:03:10,760 Groups in UNIX are just for permissions. 73 73 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:12,690 You don't have to worry too much about them just yet, 74 74 00:03:12,690 --> 00:03:15,290 and then, it asks us to enter a password. 75 75 00:03:15,290 --> 00:03:17,470 So I've created a password for this user, 76 76 00:03:17,470 --> 00:03:20,250 and I've put it up in my password manager, 77 77 00:03:20,250 --> 00:03:22,020 so I'm just gonna put it in here, 78 78 00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:23,300 and there you have it. 79 79 00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:26,010 Then, you can also change the user information if you like, 80 80 00:03:26,010 --> 00:03:27,303 which I am going to do, 81 81 00:03:29,870 --> 00:03:30,770 and there we have it. 82 82 00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:32,570 I'm leaving some of these empty, 83 83 00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:34,780 and at the end, you'll see that it asks you 84 84 00:03:34,780 --> 00:03:35,857 whether the information is correct, 85 85 00:03:35,857 --> 00:03:39,030 and you can enter n if it's not correct, 86 86 00:03:39,030 --> 00:03:40,370 or you can enter nothing, 87 87 00:03:40,370 --> 00:03:42,290 and then it will be yes by default, 88 88 00:03:42,290 --> 00:03:44,220 and that is the convention in UNIX systems. 89 89 00:03:44,220 --> 00:03:45,350 You'll see it quite often. 90 90 00:03:45,350 --> 00:03:48,070 The uppercase letter is the default, 91 91 00:03:48,070 --> 00:03:50,670 and the lowercase letter is the one you have to type. 92 92 00:03:50,670 --> 00:03:51,700 So if you enter nothing, 93 93 00:03:51,700 --> 00:03:53,550 it will be the uppercase letter by default, 94 94 00:03:53,550 --> 00:03:55,840 which at this point is yes. 95 95 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,760 Now that we've got our new account, 96 96 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:01,390 we can go and log in as it, 97 97 00:04:01,390 --> 00:04:04,610 but first, we have to do a little bit more explaining. 98 98 00:04:04,610 --> 00:04:08,520 First of all, what is adduser and where does it come from? 99 99 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:11,760 Well, adduser is actually some programme 100 100 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:14,260 that is stored inside our server. 101 101 00:04:14,260 --> 00:04:16,884 As you can see, we typed adduser, 102 102 00:04:16,884 --> 00:04:19,370 and our server was able to find the programme 103 103 00:04:19,370 --> 00:04:20,803 that adds a user. 104 104 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:26,690 You can find out where the programme is exactly 105 105 00:04:26,690 --> 00:04:29,660 by typing which and then the name of the programme. 106 106 00:04:29,660 --> 00:04:31,600 So I'm gonna type which adduser, 107 107 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,440 and you'll see that adduser is actually inside 108 108 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:38,690 this usr/sbin folder. 109 109 00:04:38,690 --> 00:04:41,160 So the complete path to the adduser programme 110 110 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,373 is /usr/sbin/adduser. 111 111 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:48,440 So how did our server find it there? 112 112 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,650 Does it know about /usr/sbin? 113 113 00:04:51,650 --> 00:04:53,570 And the answer is yes. 114 114 00:04:53,570 --> 00:04:55,090 We're going to type echo, 115 115 00:04:55,090 --> 00:04:57,330 which is used to print something out to the console, 116 116 00:04:57,330 --> 00:04:59,133 and then, $PATH, 117 117 00:05:00,180 --> 00:05:03,730 and what you see here is all the different folders 118 118 00:05:03,730 --> 00:05:06,690 that our system is going to be looking into 119 119 00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:09,140 in order to find programmes when it doesn't know 120 120 00:05:09,140 --> 00:05:10,330 what the programme is. 121 121 00:05:10,330 --> 00:05:14,190 So adduser, when you type it into your terminal 122 122 00:05:14,190 --> 00:05:15,640 like we've up here, 123 123 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:17,290 the system doesn't know what it is, 124 124 00:05:17,290 --> 00:05:20,210 so it will begin looking into all of these folders. 125 125 00:05:20,210 --> 00:05:25,210 It will begin by looking into usr/local/sbin. 126 126 00:05:25,650 --> 00:05:28,260 Then it will look into usr/local/bin. 127 127 00:05:28,260 --> 00:05:30,070 Then usr/sbin and so on, 128 128 00:05:30,070 --> 00:05:32,730 and you can see all these paths are separated by colons. 129 129 00:05:32,730 --> 00:05:37,210 So the PATH variable is a list of paths 130 130 00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:39,770 where the system will look for programmes 131 131 00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:42,120 when it's not sure which one to use, 132 132 00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:44,790 and it will use the one that it finds first. 133 133 00:05:44,790 --> 00:05:48,530 So if adduser was inside usr/local/sbin, 134 134 00:05:48,530 --> 00:05:51,120 it would use that adduser. 135 135 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:53,370 However, in this case, it was in usr/sbin, 136 136 00:05:53,370 --> 00:05:57,090 so it went all the way down to here before finding it. 137 137 00:05:57,090 --> 00:06:00,060 Now that we've got our new user and we have a password, 138 138 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:02,430 we can go ahead and change some configuration settings 139 139 00:06:02,430 --> 00:06:04,410 in order to allow it to log in. 140 140 00:06:04,410 --> 00:06:06,010 Let's do that in the next video.