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Now once you're ready, go ahead and open up the Atom editor. Now,

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if you haven't yet installed Atom,

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this is a good point to go back and have a look at those videos on how to

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install Atom for Mac or for Windows because from here on out,

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we're going to be working with the Atom editor to create every single one of our

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websites. So it's really,

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really important that you have it set up with all the packages that we've

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specified in those installation videos.

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But once you've got it installed an open,

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you should be looking at a screen like this. Now,

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the first thing we're going to do is we're going to go to file and we're going

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to open a new project folder to work out of.

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So I want you to create a new folder either in your desktop or somewhere else

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that you prefer and it's going to be called Web Development.

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Go ahead and hit create, and then select that web development folder

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and go ahead and click open.

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And now you'll see your project folder show up in the sidebar over here

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and you can toggle it closed by clicking on that arrow button over there.

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So now that we've got our web development folder,

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this is where we're going to store all of our projects.

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The first project that we're gonna be creating is our personal website.

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So go ahead and right-click on the web development folder

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and we're going to create a new folder inside the web development folder,

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and we're going to call our project HTML - Personal Site.

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And now we're ready to create our very first HTML file inside this folder.

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So again, right-click on this tab and we're going to create a new file.

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Now, as you get used to Atom,

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you are going to start to want to use some of their shortcuts. So for example,

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instead of right-clicking and select a new file,

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you can also just simply select the HTML personal site and hit A in order to do

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the same thing. But in the beginning, as you're getting used to Atom,

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I'm going to be using a lot of the mouse controls so that you can see what's

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happening on the screen.

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But feel free to start incorporating the shortcuts into your workflow

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and as time goes on,

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you'll find that they make life so much quicker and so much easier.

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So now we're going to create our very first file and you can see the way that

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the files are structured is that we're creating it inside this folder called

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HTML - Personal Site and inside that folder,

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is where our web page is going to be located.

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Let's go ahead and create this homepage. And by convention,

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we're going to name it, index.html

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and that is usually the name that developers will give their homepage.

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So go ahead and hit enter in order to create that file.

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And if you open up this folder,

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you can see that's exactly where it's located and it should open up on the right

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hand or the main pane over here as well. Now in order to create any HTML website,

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there's a little bit of boilerplate code that's associated. Now,

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you're going to either write it all out,

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or because we installed the Emmet plugin,

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we can simply write HTML and then hit enter,

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and it will insert all of that boilerplate code for us. Now,

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if that didn't work for you,

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you could also hit the tab key after writing HTML or typing an exclamation Mark

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and then hitting the tab or the enter key.

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Try some of these combinations that you see on screen

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if it's not working for you.

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And you're going to come to see and appreciate all of the powers of the Atom

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plugins and how helpful they can be.

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So now we mentioned that this is a standard HTML boilerplate code.

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Now in Programming, we talk about boilerplates quite frequently,

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and it's similar to having a code template,

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something that you'll reuse for different projects.

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And it comes from the days when the printing press would make these heavy iron

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plates that would function as their printing template.

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And because they looked very similar to the small metal plate that identified

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the builder of a steam boiler they called it the boilerplate.

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That's just where this word comes from.

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But when we're talking about it in Programming,

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we usually mean a co-template that you can reuse. Now,

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even though we didn't have to do very much work in order to get all of this into

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our file, it would still be a shame to lose it, right? So in Atom,

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whenever you see a blue dot on the tab bar of your file,

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that means that there's unsaved progress.

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And in order to make it disappear and to keep your progress,

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you can simply go to file and then click on save or use whatever shortcut that

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shows up for you over here. It should be command + s on Mac,

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and it should be control + on Windows. For those of you who are interested,

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I've included a link to some of the most commonly used the Atom keyboard

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shortcuts and includes the commands for both Mac, Windows and Linux,

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for users on all three platforms.

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So go and have a look over there and start learning and using some of these

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shortcuts. And once you've saved your file on Atom

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you'll see that little blue dot disappear,

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and now you can be rest assured that all your progress has now been safely

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saved. Now there's quite a lot of stuff on the screen.

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So let's talk about this boilerplate line by line to understand what it all

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does.

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So the first line here is where we declare the document type.

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And this tells the browser when it opens up this file,

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what is the version of HTML that we're using. Now in this course,

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we're working with the latest version of HTML, which is HTML 5.

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Now in previous versions of HTML,

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this doc type was incredibly convoluted. And in fact,

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it can show you what some of them look like. So we can write

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html:4t for example,

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and then because we've installed emmet, if I hit tab, you can see

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this is what the boilerplate code for a particular HTML 4 version would look

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like. And you can see that doc type is a lot longer

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and very often programmers won't be able to remember that

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so they actually have to look it up somewhere. But since HTML 5,

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the doctype declaration became a lot simpler

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and now it's just exclamation !DOCTYPE html

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and this tells the browser to render this file as an HTML 5 document.

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And there's a few differences between how things will appear or how things will

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be structured depending on whether

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if the doctype was HTML5 or a previous version.

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So that's the doc type.

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Now we inserted all of this code using auto-complete from Emmet.

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And if you want to look at all the other things that you can do with Emmet,

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then you can go ahead and have a look at docs.emmet.io/cheat-sheet.

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And here you can see what all of those abbreviations look like

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and what is the result of it.

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As you're developing into a professional web developer,

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it's a great resource to have in order to save yourself a lot of time

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when you get used to using these common shortcuts.

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Now the next line in our code, it's an HTML tag.

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And this tells the browser that everything in between the opening and closing

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tags is going to be HTML code. And what does that code consist of?

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Well, it consists of a head and a body.

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Now the head is the part of the HTML file that holds information about the

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webpage and it tells the browser how it should handle the page.

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So for example,

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we might have a title tag in here that tells the browser

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what is the title of this particular document or this particular page.

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So let's go ahead and give our website a title.

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Let's call it whatever your name is.

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So mine is Angela. Angela's personal site.

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And now if we go ahead and hit save,

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we can have a look at it inside our browser.

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Now there's a couple of ways how you can open up the website that you are coding

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up inside your browser. Now,

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one of these ways is simply going into your Finder or your Explorer and finding

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that index.html file,

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and then double clicking on it and it should bring it up inside Chrome. Now,

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the other way of opening up your website is if you right-

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click on your file inside Atom

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and you go to copy full path,

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then it copies the entire directory path to the location of your website.

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So if you just go ahead and paste it into the bar here and here with this file

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path,

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we're telling the browser how to find this file index.html on our computer.

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So first we're telling it to go into a folder called users,

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then we're telling it to go into a folder called angelayu. Then we're saying

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go to desktop. And then inside desktop, we're going to web development.

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And finally, we're going to HTML - Personal Site

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and that is where we're going to find that index.html site.

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Let's go ahead and hit enter on that file path in order to do exactly the same

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as double clicking on this file,

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which is opening up our website inside Chrome. Now,

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if Chrome is not your default browser, then when you see the icon

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it's not going to have the Chrome symbol here.

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So you can change that by going into your settings,

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then scrolling down to default browser in order to change it.

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Now at the moment,

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our website doesn't contain any content yet,

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but it does have a title, which you can see here

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and it says Angela's personal site, which is what we created over here.

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Now inside the head section,

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there's also this meta element.

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Now there's quite a few different meta elements,

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but this particular one is called character set.

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And the one that we're setting it to is UTF-8. Now,

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what does this line do?

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The meta elements give extra metadata or associated data to your HTML document.

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And in this case, we're telling the browser when it opens up this file

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that all the text inside

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our webpage is encoded using the UTF-8 encoding system.

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So this is basically a list of all the available characters that we can use

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inside our website for it to be rendered correctly. Now,

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sometimes when you open up a webpage, especially in an outdated browser

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like internet Explorer,

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or an email that you got from a Bulgarian friend,

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you might see some of the characters being jumbled up like this,

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and this is called Mojibake.

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And it's a Japanese word that stands for characters that are transformed.

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And it occurs because your browser is trying to render the characters using the

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wrong character set. So for example,

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if we have a look at this Wikipedia page for Mojibake in Japanese,

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you can see that currently my browser is set to render all the webpages as

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Unicode, which is very similar to UTF-8.

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And you can see that everything looks pretty legit.

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It all looks more or less like Japanese.

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But if I decide to change the encoding of my browser and for it to interpret all

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of the websites as something else say Arabic,

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then you can see that all of this webpage is now messed up.

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This is not a valid word

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and none of this has any meaning because it's encoded the website incorrectly.

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So there's quite a few different types of encoding

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and they are specialized for different languages because different languages

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use different symbols. For example,

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if you have a look at the Windows Greek symbol chart,

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you can see that the symbol at position 224,

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it looks like this, but if you have a look at the chart for Windows Arabic,

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then 224 actually encodes a completely different character.

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And that's why we get these messed up websites or strange looking emails when

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it's interpreted using the wrong encoding.

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Now UTF08 is the standard encoding that you should be using when working with

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HTML 5.

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And the reason for that is because it includes all of those

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international symbols. And in fact,

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every single symbol that is included in the Unicode character set.

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So if you go to unicode-table.com,

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then you can see a table of all of the Unicode characters.

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And if you scroll down,

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it's got this nice little animation that shows you as we change locations going

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from Latin,

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so most of the English speaking countries, to Greek and Coptic,

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and then going to Armenian, Hebrew, Arabic, and all of the different languages.

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The other thing about Unicode is that it also includes emojis.

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For example, if you have a look at the emoji chart,

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let's look for heart symbols for example,

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then we've got all of these different emoji characters that we can also use on

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our website that's encoded with UTF-8.

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So let's go ahead and give that a try.

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Let's find a nice looking heart smbol. We can right-click to copy it or hit

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command C or control C,

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and we can paste it to the front of our website title using control + V or command + V.

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And now if I hit save and go back to my website and hit command or control + r to

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refresh or click this refresh button here,

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then you can see our title is updated with that emoji.

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So everything that is Unicode can be encoded correctly using UTF-8

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and it's something that you should just have as your boilerplate code for any

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new website you create. This gives your website

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the maximum chance of being rendered correctly on browsers that are from

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international visitors. Now,

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if you're interested in doing a bit of background reading and learning more

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about Unicode and character sets,

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then this is a really good piece that I highly recommend by Joel Spolsky.

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It's a roughly 10 minute read,

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and it talks a lot about these character sets and how they encode different

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symbols and why you should be using something like Unicode or UTF-8 in your

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websites in order to ensure maximum compatibility. And so it's a good read,

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and I'll include a link to it in the resources for this lesson. Now,

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aside from the character set attribute for the meta element,

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there's also other attributes that you might see on different websites.

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So some of the common ones include the description or things like keywords

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about your website, who the author is as well as viewport.

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And these meta-tags tell the browser how it should render or display the

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webpage.

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And also they give information to search engines about the content of the

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website. So for example,

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if we go to the Mozilla MDN web docs website,

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the main page, developer.mozilla.org,

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and we right click and we view page source,

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then we get to see the entire HTML file that's used to render this particular

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page.

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So this is what our browser see's and does all the hard work of making it look

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nice and pretty like this for us. So here,

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if you go ahead and hit command + F or control + F on Windows,

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you can search for the description attribute.

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Now it's not this first one, but it is this third one

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and it's this exact thing.

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And the description says the Mozilla developer network MDN provides information

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about open web technologies including HTML, CSS and APIs. Now,

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if we go into Google and we searched for MDN,

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you can see that the snippet of text that it shows about the main MDN website is

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exactly the same as what we saw

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just here in the description meta-tags and this is what search engines do.

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They crawl the HTML of your website

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and look for certain meta-tags in order to know what your website is about,

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and also how to display it in their search index.

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And there's a whole bunch of different attributes for the meta element

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and you can have a read about it either on w3schools or what I recommend

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usually is the MDN web docs. So if you have a look at meta over here,

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then you can learn all about the different attributes,

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how to use them and what they're good for. In the next lesson,

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we're going to be tapping into our body section

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and we're going to be creating the content for this personal site of ours.

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So for all of that and more, I'll see you on the next lesson.

