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Python also has a full set of bitwise operators for operating on binary values,

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and occasionally this comes in handy.

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It's a little bit difficult to show, because when you print a value, for

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example if I just say 5 here, it will print it in decimal.

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Even if I specify it in binary,

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if I say it 0b0101, which is a five, it still prints it in decimal.

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So I am going to write a little one-line function, and I'll call it b for

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printing binary values.

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I am going to use a format string here, and we'll learn more about those in a later chapter.

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The format method of the string, like that, and now when I say b5 like that, it

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prints the binary value to 8 places.

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That's basically what that format string does inside the curly braces,

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the :08b, that prints out a binary value to 8 places.

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So now we can look at the binary operators, and we can see what they do on a bitwise level.

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So, we are going to define a couple of values, and we will call them x and y. And

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x, we'll give it a couple of fives, so that it's 010101 et cetera.

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We will do that like this.

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And y, we'll do the same thing, but with the opposite bits and that happens to

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be xaa in hexadecimal.

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So if we look at these values, x looks like that and y looks like that.

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So the or of these two values should be x|y, and the vertical bar there is the

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or operator.

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We will have all the bits set, like that, and the and of the two values, which is

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with the ampersand, will have all the bits cleared.

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The exclusive or will look just like the or.

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So instead, let's take the exclusive or of, say, x and, say, 0 and that will look like that.

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Or if we take the exclusive or of x and all the bits on, it will look like

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that, because all of the bits get flipped.

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We also have shift operators. We can say x shifted left by four bits, and

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there we have four clear bits on the right, or we can say x shifted to the right

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by four bits, and it clears all the bits to the left.

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We have the one's compliment operator which is the unary operator and it just

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looks like that, a little tilde.

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Since it operates on the word size of the implementation, which is more than

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the 8 bits that I am printing, it gets a sign extension, and it ends up looking like that.

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So those are the bitwise or binary operators.

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The word binary could mean having to do with two values.

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So we call them bitwise operators.

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Those are the bitwise operators available in Python.