1
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so in this section we looked at blocks in

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python and seen how the level of

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indentation is crucial in determining

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which block a line of code belongs to

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we then use if and else to test

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conditions and only execute blocks of

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code if those conditions were either

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true or false

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we then went to create more complex

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conditions and saw how to use Elif to

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check several conditions in turn so next

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we moved on to execute blocks of code

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repeatedly using for statements to

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iterate through a range of values we

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covered continue and break to interrupt the

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normal flow of a for loop and else to

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define a block that always execute if

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the loop finishes without a break

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this is a different use of the else

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keyword to how it's used in an if

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statement which is a little unfortunate

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and can also be confusing but that's the

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keyword that has been chosen so we have

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to actually live with that unfortunately

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and then finally we digress to look at

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augmented assignment and why you should

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use it in preference to a normal

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assignment where possible or whenever

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possible

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I'm going to finish this section now

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with the short challenge to give you a

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chance to practice what you've learned

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in the course so far and you have a

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chance to make use of the string

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formatting that we covered in previous

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videos as well as reading an input that

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a user types at the keyboard so i'm
videos as well as reading an input that

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going to do now is create a new python file

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i'm just going to paste in the

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actual challenge then you can get

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started I'm going to right-click over

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here and i've created a new project and

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select python file and we'll call this

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one

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challenge and we're going to paste in

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the challenge

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ok so the challenge is to create a

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program that takes an IP address

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entered at the keyboard and prints out the

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number of segments that contains and the

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length of each segment

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now an IP address consists of four numbers

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separated from each other with a full

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stop

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but your program should just count

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however many have been entered in

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examples of the input you may get are

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you can see their 127 . 0 . 0 . 1

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another one with a dot 192 . 168 .

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0 . 1 another 1 10 . 0 . 123456 . 255

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then 172 . 16 and finally 255 another

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words you program should work even with

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invalid IP addresses what we hear

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interested in here is the number of

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segments and how long each one is now

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once you've got a working program here are

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some more suggestions for invalid input

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to test and i'm not going to read

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those out but you can see them down there or

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you can see them on the screen there

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from line 17 to 21 not forgetting line

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22 which is basically pressing enter

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without typing anything making sure your

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handling that scenario as well so this

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challenge is intended to practice for

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loops and if-else statements so although

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you could use other techniques such as

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splitting the string up

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that's not the approach we're looking

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for here alright so that's the challenge

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see how you go with that

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pause the video I'll see you when you

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get back ok so let's get started and

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just a note here that is probably as

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many different solutions to this as

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there are people trying to solve it so the

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test is not that your solutions should

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look like on what I'm about to present

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but rather that it produces the correct

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output

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even if provided with invalid input

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alright so let's get started I'm going

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to start with IP address.....

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....

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....

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...

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so we start by getting the IP address from the

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user and then we are initializing two

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variables now each time we find a full

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stop or period in the input string

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we're going to increment a counter of

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how many segments there are now unless

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the input is blank

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they'll always be at least one segment

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we're going to initialize the variable

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segment to a one

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you can see me doing that on line 30 now

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we're also going to count how many

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characters are in each segment so the

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variable-length will be used for that

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now do be careful with the name of this

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variable it may be tempting to use a

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shorthand name for example Len LEN

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but if you do that your len variable

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would actually replace the built-in Len

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function and you'll get some weird

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problems now we do

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fortunately get a warning from

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intelliJ if we try to do that so i

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rename this over here to len

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temporarily you can see we've got an

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underline showing their i can highlight

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that this is shadows built-in name len

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and I can come over here click on more

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shadows built-in named len and over here

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we get the

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same warning over here that

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shadowing the built in name

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so what that basically means is we're

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providing another function for the word

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len here overriding the original one

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and that's certainly not what we want to

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happen here so make sure you do watch

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out for warnings like that because you

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can lose the ability to use built in

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functions if you reuse the same name in

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your code we certainly don't want to do

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that and in fact looking at that

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probably a better name would be

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something like segment.....

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we can use len their if you wanted to i'm going

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to use...that makes a

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lot more sense so we're going to use that

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name instead alright so the next step

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now is to loop through all the

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characters in the input string IP

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address and check to see if you've got a

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full stop or some other character

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let's add the code for that it's going

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make a bit of a space here

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ok so we're going to start with four

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character in IP address

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....

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....

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.....if we get to a full stop which as a

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student pointed out is called a period

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almost everywhere else outside australia

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in the UK and that signals the end of

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the segment and the start of a new one

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so again I often referred to a period

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as a full stop

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they're both the same thing but in any

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event if we get to this full stop /

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period then that signals the end of the

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segment as I mention and then we start a new

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one at that point now on line 35

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we're printing out the details of the

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previous segment and then we increment

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our segment counter now because we're

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about to start reading the characters in

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a new segment at that point we're also

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taking the opportunity to set the segment_

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length variable to 0 now if the

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character isn't a period or a full stop if

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you speak English proper like what I do

176
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then we just increment the count of

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the length so how do we do that we're

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00:07:18,150 --> 00:07:22,500
going to add an else their so.....

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....

180
00:07:24,990 --> 00:07:28,020
looking that code it looks like it might

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just work but it doesn't quiet but when

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you're learning it's a good idea to run

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00:07:32,430 --> 00:07:34,530
your code as you build it up that way

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you get to see the problems with your

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logic before you've written to much and

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00:07:37,980 --> 00:07:40,500
can make adjustments so I actually run

187
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this program now gonna start by right

188
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clicking it click on run challenge i'm

189
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going to move this down to the bottom so

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you can see it a bit easier it's asking

191
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for an IP address if I actually type this

192
00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:56,430
....and

193
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press enter

194
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you can see we've got segment one

195
00:08:00,540 --> 00:08:02,300
contains one character segments 2

196
00:08:02,300 --> 00:08:02,760
contain

197
00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,270
one segment 3 contains one but it's

198
00:08:05,270 --> 00:08:07,200
missed the last one so i'm looking at

199
00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:10,980
the code we see that only prints out the

200
00:08:10,980 --> 00:08:13,380
details for a segment when it finds the

201
00:08:13,380 --> 00:08:14,250
full stop

202
00:08:14,250 --> 00:08:16,920
sorry period that terminates it so the

203
00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:19,200
final segment isn't terminated by period

204
00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:21,830
so as a consequence it doesn't get

205
00:08:21,830 --> 00:08:22,740
printed

206
00:08:22,740 --> 00:08:24,830
now there's a clever and slightly

207
00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:27,330
sneaky way to handle that but i'll start

208
00:08:27,330 --> 00:08:29,610
by doing it the obvious way what we need

209
00:08:29,610 --> 00:08:32,100
to do is add an extra bit of code

210
00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:34,580
after loop to check to see if the last

211
00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:36,450
name was a period and print out the

212
00:08:36,450 --> 00:08:39,350
final segment details if it wasn't going

213
00:08:39,350 --> 00:08:41,520
to come down here to do that on line 41

214
00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,580
jut a note here....

215
00:08:44,580 --> 00:08:48,270
....

216
00:08:48,270 --> 00:08:55,860
....

217
00:08:55,860 --> 00:09:03,210
and then the actual code will be if....

218
00:09:03,210 --> 00:09:07,680
.....

219
00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:08,940
....

220
00:09:08,940 --> 00:09:12,300
....

221
00:09:12,300 --> 00:09:15,330
....now if we run this again

222
00:09:15,330 --> 00:09:20,760
....we can

223
00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:22,320
see that it's now handling that fourth

224
00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:24,180
fourth number correctly

225
00:09:24,180 --> 00:09:28,050
alright so now it's a good opportunity to

226
00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:30,330
start testing the various inputs

227
00:09:30,330 --> 00:09:32,580
that I listed in the challenge so I got them

228
00:09:32,580 --> 00:09:34,530
all listed up here let's just go through

229
00:09:34,530 --> 00:09:36,450
those one by one we tested the first one

230
00:09:36,450 --> 00:09:38,370
we'll start with the first one...

231
00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:42,540
....you can see we got the right

232
00:09:42,540 --> 00:09:45,590
inputs for their 3111 which is correct

233
00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:48,180
run it again this time we'll try typing...

234
00:09:48,180 --> 00:09:53,400
we actually got

235
00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:57,000
five segments the first one 0 33 11

236
00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,960
okay next so far so good....

237
00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:06,990
....and that should be 216 and

238
00:10:06,990 --> 00:10:08,090
three in terms of the number of

239
00:10:08,090 --> 00:10:10,110
characters in each segment that's

240
00:10:10,110 --> 00:10:11,070
correct

241
00:10:11,070 --> 00:10:14,130
ok let's try another one let's try....

242
00:10:14,130 --> 00:10:15,310
....

243
00:10:15,310 --> 00:10:19,270
three and two that's correct

244
00:10:19,270 --> 00:10:21,970
we will try one with just a number 255

245
00:10:21,970 --> 00:10:26,500
segment one contains three characters so

246
00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:27,550
far so good

247
00:10:27,550 --> 00:10:30,910
ok next one was....

248
00:10:30,910 --> 00:10:37,600
....0

249
00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,630
32 32 in terms of number of characters

250
00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:42,700
for each segment which is correct

251
00:10:42,700 --> 00:10:49,030
alright so.....

252
00:10:49,030 --> 00:10:56,440
....we got 3411 there and we'll try

253
00:10:56,440 --> 00:11:01,990
big one......

254
00:11:01,990 --> 00:11:09,010
....33 and 9 and got two more to do

255
00:11:09,010 --> 00:11:13,360
here to test....

256
00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:18,280
...232 and the very last one now

257
00:11:18,280 --> 00:11:22,750
....

258
00:11:22,750 --> 00:11:27,190
....212 122

259
00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:28,630
so everything seems to be working

260
00:11:28,630 --> 00:11:31,210
fine theirs only one last test to do now

261
00:11:31,210 --> 00:11:32,980
which is to enter nothing i'm going to

262
00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:34,660
start again and press ENTER

263
00:11:34,660 --> 00:11:39,190
and we get an error that isn't good this

264
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:40,660
error happens because there's no

265
00:11:40,660 --> 00:11:43,090
characters and IP address and that means

266
00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:44,440
that the for loop that we starting

267
00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,050
on line 33 doesn't have any values to

268
00:11:47,050 --> 00:11:49,180
iterate over and consequently the

269
00:11:49,180 --> 00:11:50,920
variable character is never assigned a

270
00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,830
value and in fact IntelliJ is aware

271
00:11:53,830 --> 00:11:55,030
that this might happen and it's actually

272
00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:57,280
getting this warning down here if you

273
00:11:57,280 --> 00:11:59,680
hover over that name character may not

274
00:11:59,680 --> 00:12:03,910
be defined now any Java or C++ programmer

275
00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:05,140
is watching this would have been

276
00:12:05,140 --> 00:12:08,500
horrified that I type that final if

277
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:10,570
statement in the first place in those

278
00:12:10,570 --> 00:12:12,460
languages character would never be

279
00:12:12,460 --> 00:12:15,100
accessible outside of the for loop but

280
00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:17,080
in Python that's perfectly acceptable to

281
00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:20,200
do but only if the for loop is guaranteed to

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execute at least once

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as long as the loop is entered the

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variable character will have a value and

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that value will be available outside of

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the loop

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but the problem here is that the loop

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didn't execute at all

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that's because there were no characters

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in IP address to loop over there is a

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relatively easy fix here that's just to

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initialize character to be an empty

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string at the same time as we initialize

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the other variables

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let's go up and do that so.....

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...and incidentally

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I use double quotes there

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because 2 single quotes can appear as

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one double quote on the video but you

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could actually use 2 single quotes like

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that again video may not shown to clearly

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i'm using two double quotes both

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are the same result

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the important thing now is that the

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variable character has a value whether

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the for loop runs or not so this time

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when i run the program and press ENTER

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segment one contains zero characters we

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get the correct result I won't spend any

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more time in this video running through all

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the other tests again try them out

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and they will all actually work fine

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so that's the solution if your solution

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works with the same amount of input

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getting the same results congratulations

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but remember again that there are many

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ways to solve a problem so your code may

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be very different to mine the important

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thing here is that isn't that you've got

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the same code but that it produces the

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same results

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alright I'm going to finish the video

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here now in the next video I want to

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talk about that sneaky method that i

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mentioned earlier this video involves

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thinking about things slightly

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differently and a clue is in the that

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comment that i added before the final

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if statement this part down here unless the

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final character in string was a

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period so let's look at that in the next

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video