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So just before we get
started with dictionaries.

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I just wanted to give you a bit more of
an overview of what we're trying to do in

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this section with sets and dictionaries.

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So in previous sections we've seen how
lists can be used to store lists of

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objects, and then we can actually
retrieve those objects by their index.

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Which is of course the position.

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In the list.

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In lists it generally used
to store similar items.

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Although you can store numbers and

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strings in the same list if you can
think of a good reason for doing so.

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Now lists are also ordered sequences so
as a result you can interact through

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all the items on the list and
process them in order.

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And of course,
we've done that in previous videos.

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So in this section, we're going to
look at dictionaries and sets, and

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they're both actually
unordered collections.

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They both also guarantee that there will
be no duplicates in that collection.

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Sets as similar to lists in that they're
actually intended for storing similar

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items But you can't actually access
individual items using an index.

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The set is unordered, so an index is
meaningless in the context of a set.

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You find out more information
about that when we get to

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the set videos in this section.

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So dictionaries on the other
hand Are again unordered and

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I can take key valued pairs.

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Now the values again are not accessed
by an index but by means of a key.

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So that's part and
parcel of discussing dictionaries.

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It's gonna give us a good opportunity
to introduce two new string methods,

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not only the split end joint.

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So let's get into dictionaries.

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So as I mentioned,
dictionaries aren't axis point index, but

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they're accessed instead
by means of a key.

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Probably the best way to give you more
information about this is to show

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you an example.

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I'm going to start typing and
we'll start with fruit equals orange.

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A sweet orange citrus Fruit.

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Apple.

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Where I'm putting the colon,
good for making cider.

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Lemon:a sour

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yellow Citrus fruit.

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We'll do a couple more.

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Grape, a small sweet

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fruit growing in bunches.

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And the last one let's do lime.

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[SOUND]
Sour,

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green, citrus, fruit.

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And so if I do a print fruit and
run that first.

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So no real surprises there, it's just
duplicated what we've typing effectively.

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But what we can do to access a particular
element, we can type print fruit,

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remember we can't use an index number but
we can use the key.

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So we can type lemon for argument's sake.

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Noting that IntelliJ is automatically
telling us the elements as we're

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typing it, so Apple grape or

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stopping typing something [INAUDIBLE] so
it's pretty smart.

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Looking at the dictionary
giving some options.

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Type lemon there we run this.

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We get a sour yellow citrus fruit.

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So the key is lemon, and
the description of the information,

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the value in other words,
is a sour yellow citrus fruit for lemon.

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So as you can see we can access
individual items by their key by typing,

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in this case, lemon, And

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in terms of entering them, you can say
that we enter a list of keys and valleys.

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And the key is separated by a colon.

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Not a comma so it's the key.

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You can see the orange, apple or lemon,
grape and lime in the keys colon.

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And then there's the description or
the value.

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Which is what is associated
with that particular key.

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And again,
we can access individual keys and

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individual values by the keys which
you saw me do on the screen there.

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And probably now looking at this,

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you can see that it's easy to see
why they are called dictionaries.

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And you could use one to store a list
of words in their definitions for

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argument sake.

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And you can also use a dictionary to store
different types of information And then

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this example I'm about to type in we're
gonna store information about a motorboat.

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And what we're gonna do is we're
gonna create a new file for

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this because we're gonna be coming
back to the fruit later in the video.

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So I'm doing file>new.

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Just making sure that's selected up here.

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Project file>new Python, and
we'll call this one motorbike, and

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for this one I'm going to paste in
a bit of code to save a bit of time.

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So you can see what I've done there.

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I've got the make as a key, the model
as a key, the color as a key, and

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the engine size as a key, and
the value as you can see Honda.

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250 dream, color is red and
engine size is 250 19.

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Now, that is a number and not a string.

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So, what we can do is then do a print,
bike, engine size, and

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again, intemijay is helping us there quite
helpfully Pointing out the particular key.

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And we go print bike color.

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And if we're running this, remember that
because we've got two files open now,

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we need to select over here
the relevant file we wanna run.

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So [INAUDIBLE] but

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that one will actually come up the first
time until we've run this at least once,

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or what we can do is right-click in here,
Making sure that we clicked into the right

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window, we can run motorbike and
you can see we get 250 and red.

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So the engine size correctly comes
back as 250 and the color is red.

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And now we'd be able to select both
options here, dictionary and motorbike,

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'cuz we've run them at least once.

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So as you can see here the values
themselves don't have to be the same type.

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So what we can do is we can
store the engine sizes and

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numbers that you saw in line one.

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And the good thing about it is that you're
not limited to strings and numbers.

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Values can be used with just
about any path or object.

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Even another dictionary.

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So this particular use of a dictionary
is like storing records about an object,

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in this case, a motorbike.

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And although we're storing
different types of data,

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they're all related to a common object.

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So the keys can be also
different types of object.

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The only restriction is that
they must be immutable.

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So we can't use a list for example as
a dictionary key but we can use as they

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are of course which we found out in
previous videos, so let's go back to our

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fruit, go back to our dictionaries.pie so
we can add to a dictionary.

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So what we can do is we could type
something like fruit, pear equals.

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An odd shaped apple.

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Print fruit.

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So if we do that run it make a drop
here by selecting the rock file this

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[INAUDIBLE] it's called dictionary because
that is what I called it and run it.

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We have a look now.

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When we can see pair is in here now.

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It's an odd shaped apple.

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So that's a way to add
an entry to the dictionary.

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And we need to do it that way because
unlike lists there's no method to insert

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or append items in a dictionary.

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As you can see what we did there we just
assigned a new value to the dictionary by

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specifying the new key.

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And giving it a value, and
the rest of it happens automatically.

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Now, whether accessing a value or
adding a new entry, square brackets

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are used after the dictionary name to
enclose the key, as you can see there.

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So, in other words, if we're
printing it out, The case on line 8.

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We're selecting the value
that we want to print out or

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we're creating a new entry we need to put
the key in both cases in square brackets.

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The other thing that we mentioned was
the keys in the dictionary are unique.

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So if we assign a value to an existing
key you end up producing the value

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Rather than adding another entry so
it's really important to understand that.

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So,again if you assign a value
to an existing key we end up

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replacing the value rather than creating
another entry or adding another entry.

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So, going back to that [INAUDIBLE] that's
working we can talk fruit, pear, equals.

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Great with tequila,

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print fruit, if we run that.

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You can see we've got pear,

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00:08:12,010 --> 00:08:16,390
an odd shaped apple, pear, great with
tequila at second time we ran it.

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We actually over wrote the entry,
there's not two entries for pear in there,

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there's only the one.

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So there's one key but now there's now
an updated value, great with tequila.

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I'll just fix that typo
now that I've seen it.

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And probably being more realistic,
fruit lime is great with tequila.

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I'm not too sure that pear is.

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So again, the same example there.

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Lime has been updated, as you can see on
the screen, to be great with tequila.

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Now there's nothing to stop you for
reusing a key when you initially create

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the dictionary and python won't
actually give you an error, but

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the behavior will be the same as
assigning a new value to an existing key.

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So the entry that appears last in
the list is the one that will appear

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In your dictionary and what i mean
by that i come down here i can put

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apple even though we got it found
on line two we can find it again

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[INAUDIBLE] [INAUDIBLE] [INAUDIBLE]
You see when we run it,

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you see apple has come around and crunchy

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That was the last entry that was added
on line six which over-rode effectively

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the one on line two or to be more
precise it just updated the value.

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So the first time apple and the value
was created good for making cider but

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when you go to this entry.

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It just updated the value to be round and
crunchy.

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And note again that Python doesn't
give you an error there at all.

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But both and
Picham will actually give you a warning.

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So if we come up here,
it actually does tell you.

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It says dictionary contains
duplicate keys apple.

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So even though you saw there's
no Python error as such, and

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it doesn't crash the program or
anything like that,

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you will actually get a warning from or
Picham about that, which is pretty neat.

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And that's just another reason to
make sure you are checking these

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markers on a regular basis cuz it
will help you in your programming

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as we established in previous videos.

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Now before we have to look at some more
ways we can make use of a dictionary

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is a few more things
that we need to cover.

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That's always useful to be able
to remove items from collections.

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And to do that with a dictionary
use the del command.

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So down here, for example, if we wanted
to delete lemon type del then we

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enter the name of the key in brackets.

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So for example,
lemon would remove that item.

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So we can put a print under that
The last entry now when we run it,

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shouldn't have a lemon there.

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00:10:34,740 --> 00:10:37,270
So we scroll this over,
you'll see we got lima, lemon, and

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then lemon has disappeared
from the last line of output,

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which was of the line of output that was
processed after We deleted it on line 14.

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00:10:46,030 --> 00:10:49,730
Now the del command is a lot
more powerful than that example

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00:10:49,730 --> 00:10:51,420
probably indicates on the screen.

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00:10:51,420 --> 00:10:53,250
So make sure you use it with care.

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So if you forget to specify key to delete,
then it removes the entire dictionary and

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00:10:57,940 --> 00:10:59,700
we therefore get an error
when we try to print fruit.

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00:10:59,700 --> 00:11:05,130
So I went back here, commented that
out and just made that Del fruit.

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00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:09,240
We should get an error on the last line
because the entire dictionary no longer

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00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:10,480
exists because we've deleted it.

192
00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,520
And you can see name
three is not defined and

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00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:16,560
it's because it not only totally
removed the contents of the dictionary,

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00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:20,570
it deleted the variable incompletely,
and that's why we're getting that error.

195
00:11:20,570 --> 00:11:23,890
So, if you wanted to delete all
the entries in the dictionary but

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00:11:23,890 --> 00:11:26,730
still wanted to retain the dictionary
like effectively an empty dictionary so

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00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:29,730
you could start adding to later,
So, it doesn't count venera but

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00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,480
you use something different
you use fruit dot clear.

199
00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:36,390
So, you type fruit dot clear like so.

200
00:11:36,390 --> 00:11:38,860
So, if we run that, and
fully error at this time and

201
00:11:38,860 --> 00:11:43,560
the contents have been deleted
effectively or cleared out.

202
00:11:43,560 --> 00:11:47,700
So, it's now empty waiting for you to
process or manipulate it some other way.

203
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,260
So we now know how to create the
dictionary, we've added items to it, and

204
00:11:51,260 --> 00:11:54,350
we've removed a single item, and
we've also cleared the entire dictionary.

205
00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:57,680
And we've said one way to access the
individual item is by specifying the key,

206
00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:01,060
but one problem with
accessing items by key occurs

207
00:12:01,060 --> 00:12:04,300
when we try to retrieve
an item that doesn't exist.

208
00:12:04,300 --> 00:12:07,640
So if you delete lines, so what I'm gonna
do is just delete these lines here, so

209
00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:09,140
we have still got something to work with.

210
00:12:10,780 --> 00:12:14,730
Those it so we still got some
items in our dictionary so

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00:12:14,730 --> 00:12:19,130
if we try to do a print to outside.

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00:12:19,130 --> 00:12:24,200
Knowing that hasn't made it
into a cage it doesn't exist.

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00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:28,200
>> [NOISE]
>> Plus you run that.

214
00:12:29,540 --> 00:12:30,540
Key error tomato.

215
00:12:30,540 --> 00:12:35,520
So it's basically saying the key doesn't
exist of key tomato doesn't exist

216
00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:36,410
in the dictionary.

217
00:12:36,410 --> 00:12:38,010
So this is something you may want to do.

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00:12:38,010 --> 00:12:42,890
You may want to do some testing to check
if a particular key is in the dictionary.

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00:12:42,890 --> 00:12:44,480
And unfortunately we can get around that.

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00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:46,280
There's a couple of ways we can do it.

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00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:50,620
What I'll do first is going to modify the
program slightly before reading the keys.

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00:12:50,620 --> 00:12:51,450
So let's go back up here.

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00:12:51,450 --> 00:12:54,210
I'm gonna remove the second entry
cuz we don't need that anymore.

224
00:12:54,210 --> 00:12:57,510
And I'm gonna comment out this code.

225
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:05,260
And actually what I'll do is I'll
leave the last print in, print(fruit).

226
00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:12,410
And let's create some code that allows
you to type in the name of the fruit,

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and it will try and press us there.

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So, we can type while, true, we're gonna
try and look it up in the dictionary.

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We're gonna type dict_key,
dictionary key abbreviated.

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Equals input please enter a fruit.

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If the dictionary key is equal to quit,
we'll break.

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So, that just allows us to get out
of the loop, but failing that,

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it should mean that quit wasn't typed or
assigned description

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To be equal to fruit.get(dict), and
that is using the dict function.

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print(description).

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And if you run that and
we enter in something like grape,

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we get the answer to that.

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If we enter another one like apple,
And not in the amount

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that come up automatically quit
out of it makes it like so, So,

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again is saw out of dictionary
retrieves the value for

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specialized very similar to providing
the key to square brackets but

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the great thing is it doesn't give
an era if the key doesn't exist.

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So, instead it returns none as you
saw when I just pressed enter there.

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And you can actually test for
that if you wanted to.

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And you can actually confirm again
If I typed in something like

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instead of just pressing enter
we still get come up with none.

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Because it wasn't found for it to be
typed on the it actually works just fine.

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So, actually taking it one step
further before we finish this video.

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For the moment it's sharing
a respective that it's trying print

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00:14:49,730 --> 00:14:51,890
out the description, but
what we can do here.

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We could do a test just
after here before we

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set the description to see whether
it exists in the dictionary.

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So we can type if dict underscore k
in fruit, so using the in keyboard.

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Then and
only then are we gonna set description.

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00:15:08,870 --> 00:15:09,390
And print.

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Otherwise we'll put else, print.

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00:15:15,690 --> 00:15:23,630
Don't have a dict_key, making sure you've
got your indentation levels correct here,

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00:15:23,630 --> 00:15:25,560
cuz obviously the code
won't work without that.

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00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,360
And of course I need to put
a colon there to fix it up.

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00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:32,590
So if I run that now and
I just type something like apple.

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But if you type in something
like tomato Tomato.

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We didn't have a tomato.

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00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:41,370
Cucumber, we don't have cucumber.

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Enter.

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00:15:42,090 --> 00:15:44,690
We don't have so
I guess we could have tested for that.

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We could have made sure that did top,
something it better but

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00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,180
we haven't done that so consequently
it's just printed out the empty string.

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If we put something like apple,
which is valid.

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Apple, lemon, you can see it's
printing those out quite nicely.

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00:15:57,340 --> 00:15:59,460
We can type quit to exit out like so.

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So, I'm gonna end this video here now
cuz it's getting a little bit long,

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as I mentioned.

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In the next video I'll
continue exploring and

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going into more detail
about Python Dictionaries.